try {
    var input = document.createElement("input");

    input.type = "time";

    if (input.type === "time") {
        console.log("supported");
    } else {
        console.log("not supported");
    }
} catch(e) {
    console.log("not supported");
}

如果有一些我不知道的浏览器问题,那么使用.innerHTML应该做同样的事情.

var div = document.createElement("div");
div.innerHTML = "<input type='time'>";

if (div.firstChild.type === "time")
    console.log("supported");
else
    console.log("not supported");