@H_502_87@// Single line
/* Multiple
line */
/// <summary>XML comments on single line</summary>
/** <summary>XML comments on multiple lines</summary> */

@H_502_87@Value Types
Boolean
Byte,SByte
Char
Short,UShort,Integer,UInteger,Long,ULong
Single,Double
Decimal
Date

@H_502_87@Reference Types
Object
String

@H_502_87@Initializing
Dim correct As Boolean = True
Dim b As Byte = &H2A @H_502_87@'hex
Dim o As Byte = &O52 @H_502_87@'octal
Dim person As Object = Nothing
Dim name As String = "Dwight"
Dim grade As Char = "B"c
Dim today As Date = #12/31/2007 12:15:00 PM#
Dim amount As Decimal = 35.99@
Dim gpa As Single = 2.9!
Dim pi As Double = 3.14159265
Dim lTotal As Long = 123456L
Dim sTotal As Short = 123S
Dim usTotal As UShort = 123US
Dim uiTotal As UInteger = 123UI
Dim ulTotal As ULong = 123UL

@H_502_87@Type Information
DimxAsInteger
Console.WriteLine(x.GetType()) @H_502_87@'Prints System.Int32
Console.WriteLine(GetType(Integer)) @H_502_87@' Prints System.Int32
Console.WriteLine(TypeName(x)) @H_502_87@' Prints Integer

@H_502_87@Type Conversion
Dim d As Single = 3.5
Dim i As Integer =CType(d,Integer)@H_502_87@' set to 4 (Banker's rounding)
i =CInt(d)@H_502_87@' same result as CType
i =Int(d)@H_502_87@' set to 3 (Int function truncates the decimal)

@H_502_87@Value Types
bool
byte,sbyte
char
short,ushort,int,uint,long,ulong
float,double
decimal
DateTime@H_502_87@(not a built-in C#type)

@H_502_87@Reference Types
object
string

@H_502_87@Initializing
bool correct = true;
byte b = 0x2A; @H_502_87@// hex

object person = null;
string name = "Dwight";
char grade = 'B';
DateTime today = DateTime.Parse("12/31/2007 12:15:00");
decimal amount = 35.99m;
float gpa = 2.9f;
double pi = 3.14159265;
long lTotal = 123456L;
short sTotal = 123;
ushort usTotal = 123;
uint uiTotal = 123;
ulong ulTotal = 123;

@H_502_87@Type Information
int x;
Console.WriteLine(x.GetType()); @H_502_87@// Prints System.Int32
Console.WriteLine(typeof(int)); @H_502_87@// Prints System.Int32
Console.WriteLine(x.GetType().Name); @H_502_87@// prints Int32

@H_502_87@Type Conversion
float d = 3.5f;
int i =(int)d;@H_502_87@// set to3 (truncates decimal)

@H_502_87@' Can set to a const orvar; may be initialized in a constructor
ReadOnlyMIN_DIAMETERAsSingle = 4.93

@H_502_87@// Can set to a const or var; may be initialized in a constructor
readonlyfloat MIN_DIAMETER = 4.93f;

@H_502_87@Comparison
= < > <= >= <>

@H_502_87@Arithmetic
+ - * /
Mod
/@H_502_87@(integer division)
^@H_502_87@(raise to a power)

@H_502_87@Assignment
= += -= *= /= /= ^= <<= >>= &=

@H_502_87@Bitwise
And Or Xor Not << >>

@H_502_87@Logical
AndAlso OrElse And Or Xor Not

Note:AndAlso and OrElse perform short-circuit logical evaluations

@H_502_87@String Concatenation
&

@H_502_87@Comparison
== < > <= >= !=

@H_502_87@Arithmetic
+ - * /
%@H_502_87@(mod)
/@H_502_87@(integer division if both operands are ints)
Math.Pow(x,y)

@H_502_87@Assignment
= += -= *= /= %= &= |= ^= <<= >>= ++ --

@H_502_87@Bitwise
& | ^ ~ << >>

@H_502_87@Logical
&& || & | ^ !

Note:&& and||perform short-circuit logical evaluations

@H_502_87@String Concatenation
+

greeting =IIf(age < 20,"What's up?","Hello")

@H_502_87@' One line doesn't require "End If"
Ifage < 20Thengreeting = "What's up?"
Ifage < 20Thengreeting = "What's up?"Elsegreeting = "Hello"

@H_502_87@' Use : to put two commands on same line
Ifx <> 100 And y < 5Thenx *= 5:y *= 2

@H_502_87@' Preferred
Ifx <> 100 And y < 5Then
x *= 5
y *= 2
End If

@H_502_87@' To break up any long single line use _
IfwhenYouHaveAReally < longLine And _
itNeedsToBeBrokenInto2> LinesThen_
UseTheUnderscore(charToBreakItUp)

@H_502_87@'Ifx > 5Then
x *= y
ElseIfx = 5Then
x += y
ElseIfx < 10Then
x -= y
Else
x /= y
End If

Select Casecolor@H_502_87@' Must be a primitive data type
Case"pink","red"
r += 1
Case"blue"
b += 1
Case"green"
g += 1
Case Else
other += 1
End Select

greeting = age < 20?"What's up?":"Hello";

if(age < 20)
greeting = "What's up?";
else
greeting = "Hello";

@H_502_87@// Multiple statements must be enclosed in {}
if(x != 100 && y < 5) {
x *= 5;
y *= 2;
}

@H_502_87@No need for _ or : since ; is used to terminate each statement.

if(x > 5)
x *= y;
elseif (x == 5)
x += y;
elseif (x < 10)
x -= y;
else
x /= y;

@H_502_87@// Every case must end with break or goto case
switch(color){@H_502_87@// Must be integer or string
case"pink":
case"red": r++;break;
case"blue": b++;break;
case"green": g++;break;
default: other++;break;@H_502_87@// break necessary on default
}

@H_502_87@' Array or collection looping
Dim names As String() = {"Fred","Sue","Barney"}
For Eachs As StringInnames
Console.WriteLine(s)
Next

@H_502_87@' Breaking out of loops
Dim i As Integer = 0
While (True)
If (i = 5) ThenExit While
i += 1
End While

@H_502_87@' Continue to next iteration
For i = 0 To 4
If i < 4 ThenContinue For
Console.WriteLine(i) @H_502_87@' Only prints 4
Next

@H_502_87@// no "until" keyword
while(c < 10)
c++;

for(c = 2; c <= 10; c += 2)
Console.WriteLine(c);

@H_502_87@Post-test Loop:

do
c++;
while(c < 10);



@H_502_87@// Array or collection looping
string[] names = {"Fred","Barney"};
foreach(string sinnames)
Console.WriteLine(s);

@H_502_87@// Breaking out of loops
int i = 0;
while (true) {
if (i == 5)
break;
i++;
}

@H_502_87@// Continue to next iteration
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
if (i < 4)
continue;
Console.WriteLine(i); @H_502_87@// Only prints 4
}

@H_502_87@' Pass by value (in,default),reference (in/out),andreference (out)
SubTestFunc(ByValx As Integer,ByRefy As Integer,ByRefz As Integer)
x += 1
y += 1
z = 5
End Sub

Dim a = 1,b = 1,c As Integer @H_502_87@' cset to zero by default
TestFunc(a,b,c)
Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}",a,c)@H_502_87@' 12 5

@H_502_87@' Accept variable number of arguments
FunctionSum(ByValParamArraynumsAsInteger()) As Integer
Sum = 0
For Each i As Integer In nums
Sum += i
Next
End Function@H_502_87@' Or use Return statement like C#

Dim total As Integer = Sum(4,3,1)@H_502_87@' returns 10

@H_502_87@' Optional parameters must belisted lastand must have a default value
SubSayHello(ByVal name As String,OptionalByVal prefix As String = "")
Console.WriteLine("Greetings," & prefix & " " & name)
End Sub

SayHello("Strangelove","Dr.")
SayHello("Madonna")

int a = 1,c;@H_502_87@// c doesn't need initializing
TestFunc(a,refb,outc);
Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}",c);@H_502_87@// 1 2 5

@H_502_87@// Accept variable number of arguments
int Sum(paramsint[] nums) {
int sum = 0;
foreach (int i in nums)
sum += i;
return sum;
}

int total = Sum(4,1);@H_502_87@// returns 10

@H_502_87@/* C# doesn'tsupport optional arguments/parameters. Just create two different versions of the same function. */
void SayHello(string name,string prefix) {
Console.WriteLine("Greetings," + prefix + " " + name);
}

void SayHello(string name) {
SayHello(name,"");
}

@H_502_87@Special character constants
vbCrLf,vbCr,vbLf,vbNewLine
vbNullString
vbTab
vbBack
vbFormFeed
vbVerticalTab
""

@H_502_87@' String concatenation (use & or +)
Dim school As String = "Harding"&vbTab
school = school & "University"@H_502_87@' school is "Harding (tab) University"

@H_502_87@' Chars
Dim letter AsChar= school.Chars(0)@H_502_87@' letter is H
letter = Convert.tochar(65) @H_502_87@' letter is A
letter =Chr(65)@H_502_87@' same thing
Dim word() As Char = school.tocharArray()@H_502_87@' word holds Harding

@H_502_87@' No string literal operator
Dim msg As String = "File is c:/temp/x.dat"

@H_502_87@' String comparison
Dim mascot As String = "Bisons"
If (mascot = "Bisons") Then @H_502_87@' true
If (mascot.Equals("Bisons")) Then@H_502_87@' true
If (mascot.ToUpper().Equals("BISONS"))Then @H_502_87@' true
If (mascot.CompareTo("Bisons") = 0) Then @H_502_87@' true

Console.WriteLine(mascot.Substring(2,3))@H_502_87@' Prints "son"

@H_502_87@' String matching
If ("John 3:16"Like"Jo[Hh]? #:*") Then @H_502_87@'true

Imports System.Text.RegularExpressions @H_502_87@' More powerful than Like
Dim r As NewRegex("Jo[hH]. /d:*")
If (r.Match("John 3:16").Success) Then @H_502_87@'true

@H_502_87@' My birthday: Oct 12,1973
Dim dt As New DateTime(1973,10,12)
Dim s As String = "My birthday: " & dt.ToString("MMM dd,yyyy")

@H_502_87@' Mutable string
Dim buffer As New System.Text.StringBuilder("two ")
buffer.Append("three ")
buffer.Insert(0,"one ")
buffer.Replace("two","TWO")
Console.WriteLine(buffer)@H_502_87@' Prints "one TWO three"

@H_502_87@Escape sequences
/r @H_502_87@// carriage-return
/n @H_502_87@// line-Feed
/t @H_502_87@// tab
// @H_502_87@// backslash
/" @H_502_87@// quote

@H_502_87@// String concatenation
stringschool = "Harding/t";
school = school + "University";@H_502_87@// school is "Harding (tab) University"

@H_502_87@// Chars
charletter = school[0]; @H_502_87@// letter is H
letter = Convert.tochar(65); @H_502_87@// letter is A
letter =(char)65;@H_502_87@// same thing
char[]word = school.tocharArray();@H_502_87@// word holds Harding

@H_502_87@// String literal
string msg =@"File is c:/temp/x.dat";
@H_502_87@// same as
string msg = "File is c://temp//x.dat";

@H_502_87@// String comparison
stringmascot = "Bisons";
if (mascot == "Bisons") @H_502_87@// true
if (mascot.Equals("Bisons")) @H_502_87@// true
if (mascot.ToUpper().Equals("BISONS"))@H_502_87@// true
if (mascot.CompareTo("Bisons") == 0)@H_502_87@// true

Console.WriteLine(mascot.Substring(2,3));@H_502_87@// Prints "son"

@H_502_87@// String matching
// No Like equivalent - use regular expressions

using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
Regexr = newRegex(@"Jo[hH]. /d:*");
if (r.Match("John 3:16").Success) @H_502_87@// true

@H_502_87@// My birthday: Oct 12,1973
DateTime dt = new DateTime(1973,12);
string s = "My birthday: " + dt.ToString("MMM dd,yyyy");

@H_502_87@// Mutable string
System.Text.StringBuilderbuffer = new System.Text.StringBuilder("two ");
buffer.Append("three ");
buffer.Insert(0,"one ");
buffer.Replace("two","TWO");
Console.WriteLine(buffer);@H_502_87@// Prints "one TWO three"

@H_502_87@' Throw an exception
Dim ex As New Exception("Something is really wrong.")
Throwex

@H_502_87@' Catch an exception
Try
y = 0
x = 10 / y
Catchex As ExceptionWheny = 0@H_502_87@' Argument and When is optional
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message)
Finally
Beep()
End Try

@H_502_87@' Deprecated unstructured error handling
OnErrorGoToMyErrorHandler
...
MyErrorHandler: Console.WriteLine(Err.Description)

@H_502_87@// Throw an exception
Exception up = new Exception("Something is really wrong.");
throwup;@H_502_87@// ha ha

@H_502_87@// Catch an exception
try{
y = 0;
x = 10 / y;
}
catch(Exception ex) {@H_502_87@// Argument is optional,no "When" keyword
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
}
finally{
@H_502_87@// Requires reference to the Microsoft.VisualBasic.dll
// assembly (pre .NET Framework v2.0)
Microsoft.VisualBasic.Interaction.Beep();
}

NamespaceHarding.Compsci.Graphics
...
End Namespace

@H_502_87@' or

NamespaceHarding
NamespaceCompsci
NamespaceGraphics
...
End Namespace
End Namespace
End Namespace

ImportsHarding.Compsci.Graphics

namespaceHarding.Compsci.Graphics {
...
}

@H_502_87@// or

namespaceHarding {
namespaceCompsci {
namespaceGraphics {
...
}
}
}

usingHarding.Compsci.Graphics;

@H_502_87@Accessibility keywords
Public
Private
Friend
Protected
Protected Friend
Shared

@H_502_87@' Inheritance
ClassFootballGame
InheritsCompetition
...
End Class

@H_502_87@' Interface definition
InterfaceIAlarmClock
...
End Interface

@H_502_87@// Extending an interface
InterfaceIAlarmClock
InheritsIClock
...
End Interface

@H_502_87@// Interface implementation
ClassWristWatch
ImplementsIAlarmClock,ITimer
...
End Class

@H_502_87@Accessibility keywords
public
private
internal
protected
protected internal
static

@H_502_87@// Inheritance
classFootballGame:Competition {
...
}

@H_502_87@// Interface definition
interfaceIAlarmClock {
...
}

@H_502_87@// Extending an interface
interfaceIAlarmClock:IClock {
...
}

@H_502_87@// Interface implementation
classWristWatch:IAlarmClock,ITimer {
...
}

classSuperHero {
private int _powerLevel;

public SuperHero() {
_powerLevel = 0;
}

public SuperHero(int powerLevel) {
this._powerLevel= powerLevel;
}

~SuperHero() {
@H_502_87@// Destructor code to free unmanaged resources.
// Implicitly creates a Finalize method
}
}

Dim hero As SuperHero = New SuperHero
@H_502_87@' or
Dim hero As New SuperHero

Withhero
.Name = "SpamMan"
.PowerLevel = 3
End With

hero.Defend("Laura Jones")
hero.Rest()@H_502_87@' Calling Shared method
' or
SuperHero.Rest()

Dim hero2 As SuperHero = hero@H_502_87@' Both reference the same object
hero2.Name = "WormWoman"
Console.WriteLine(hero.Name)@H_502_87@' Prints WormWoman

hero =Nothing@H_502_87@' Free the object

If heroIsNothingThen _
hero = New SuperHero

Dim obj As Object = New SuperHero
IfTypeOfobjIsSuperHero Then _
Console.WriteLine("Is a SuperHero object.")

@H_502_87@' Mark object for quick disposal
Usingreader As StreamReader = File.OpenText("test.txt")
Dim line As String = reader.ReadLine()
While Not line Is Nothing
Console.WriteLine(line)
line = reader.ReadLine()
End While
End Using

SuperHero hero = new SuperHero();

@H_502_87@// No "With" construct
hero.Name = "SpamMan";
hero.PowerLevel = 3;

hero.Defend("Laura Jones");
SuperHero.Rest();@H_502_87@// Calling static method

SuperHero hero2 = hero;@H_502_87@// Both reference the same object
hero2.Name = "WormWoman";
Console.WriteLine(hero.Name);@H_502_87@// Prints WormWoman

hero =null;@H_502_87@// Free the object

if (hero ==null)
hero = new SuperHero();

Object obj = new SuperHero();
if (objisSuperHero)
Console.WriteLine("Is a SuperHero object.");

StructureStudentRecord
Public name As String
Public gpa As Single

Public Sub New(ByVal name As String,ByVal gpa As Single)
Me.name = name
Me.gpa = gpa
End Sub
End Structure

Dim stu As StudentRecord = New StudentRecord("Bob",3.5)
Dim stu2 As StudentRecord = stu

stu2.name = "Sue"
Console.WriteLine(stu.name) @H_502_87@' Prints Bob
Console.WriteLine(stu2.name) @H_502_87@' Prints Sue

StudentRecord stu = new StudentRecord("Bob",3.5f);
StudentRecord stu2 = stu;

stu2.name = "Sue";
Console.WriteLine(stu.name);@H_502_87@// Prints Bob
Console.WriteLine(stu2.name);@H_502_87@// Prints Sue

Private _size As Integer

PublicPropertySize() As Integer
Get
Return _size
End Get
Set(ByVal Value As Integer)
If Value < 0 Then
_size = 0
Else
_size = Value
End If
End Set
End Property

foo.Size += 1

foo.Size++;

DelegateSub MsgArrivedEventHandler(ByVal message As String)

EventMsgArrivedEvent As MsgArrivedEventHandler

@H_502_87@' or to define an event which declares a delegate implicitly
EventMsgArrivedEvent(ByVal message As String)

AddHandlerMsgArrivedEvent,AddressOfMy_MsgArrivedCallback
@H_502_87@' Won't throw an exception if obj is Nothing
RaiseEventMsgArrivedEvent("Test message")
RemoveHandlerMsgArrivedEvent,AddressOfMy_MsgArrivedCallback

Imports System.Windows.Forms

DimWithEventsMyButton As Button@H_502_87@' WithEvents can't be used on local variable
MyButton = New Button

Private Sub MyButton_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object,_
ByVal e As System.EventArgs)HandlesMyButton.Click
MessageBox.Show(Me,"Button was clicked","Info",_
MessageBoxButtons.OK,MessageBoxIcon.Information)
End Sub

delegatevoid MsgArrivedEventHandler(string message);

eventMsgArrivedEventHandler MsgArrivedEvent;

@H_502_87@// Delegates must be used with events in C#


MsgArrivedEvent+=new MsgArrivedEventHandler(My_MsgArrivedEventCallback);
MsgArrivedEvent("Test message");@H_502_87@// Throws exception if obj is null
MsgArrivedEvent-=new MsgArrivedEventHandler(My_MsgArrivedEventCallback);

using System.Windows.Forms;

Button MyButton = new Button();
MyButton.Click += new System.EventHandler(MyButton_Click);

private void MyButton_Click(object sender,System.EventArgs e) {
MessageBox.Show(this,
MessageBoxButtons.OK,MessageBoxIcon.Information);
}

Console.Write("What's your name? ")
Dim name As String = Console.ReadLine()
Console.Write("How old are you? ")
Dim age As Integer = Val(Console.ReadLine())
Console.WriteLine("{0} is {1} years old.",name,age)
@H_502_87@' or
Console.WriteLine(name & " is " & age & " years old.")

Dim c As Integer
c = Console.Read() @H_502_87@'Read single char
Console.WriteLine(c)@H_502_87@' Prints 65 if user enters "A"

Console.Write("What's your name? ");
string name = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("How old are you? ");
int age = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine("{0} is {1} years old.",age);
@H_502_87@// or
Console.WriteLine(name + " is " + age + " years old.");

int c = Console.Read();@H_502_87@// Read single char
Console.WriteLine(c);@H_502_87@// Prints 65 if user enters "A"

Imports System.IO

@H_502_87@' Write out to text file
Dim writer AsStreamWriter= File.CreateText("c:/myfile.txt")
writer.WriteLine("Out to file.")
writer.Close()

@H_502_87@' Read all lines from text file
Dim reader AsStreamReader= File.OpenText("c:/myfile.txt")
Dim line As String = reader.ReadLine()
While Not line Is Nothing
Console.WriteLine(line)
line = reader.ReadLine()
End While
reader.Close()

@H_502_87@' Write out to binary file
Dim str As String = "Text data"
Dim num As Integer = 123
Dim binWriter As NewBinaryWriter(File.OpenWrite("c:/myfile.dat"))
binWriter.Write(str)
binWriter.Write(num)
binWriter.Close()

@H_502_87@' Read from binary file
Dim binReader As NewBinaryReader(File.OpenRead("c:/myfile.dat"))
str = binReader.ReadString()
num = binReader.ReadInt32()
binReader.Close()

using System.IO;

@H_502_87@// Write out to text file
StreamWriterwriter = File.CreateText("c://myfile.txt");
writer.WriteLine("Out to file.");
writer.Close();

@H_502_87@// Read all lines from text file
StreamReaderreader = File.OpenText("c://myfile.txt");
string line = reader.ReadLine();
while (line != null) {
Console.WriteLine(line);
line = reader.ReadLine();
}
reader.Close();

@H_502_87@// Write out to binary file
string str = "Text data";
int num = 123;
BinaryWriterbinWriter = new BinaryWriter(File.OpenWrite("c://myfile.dat"));
binWriter.Write(str);
binWriter.Write(num);
binWriter.Close();

@H_502_87@// Read from binary file
BinaryReaderbinReader = new BinaryReader(File.OpenRead("c://myfile.dat")); str = binReader.ReadString(); num = binReader.ReadInt32(); binReader.Close();