原理
class Person { let name: String init(name: String) { self.name = name print("\(name) is being initialized") } deinit { print("\(name) is being deinitialized") } } var reference1: Person? var reference2: Person? var reference3: Person? reference1 = Person(name: "John Appleseed") // prints "John Appleseed is being initialized” reference2 = reference1 reference3 = reference1 reference1 = nil reference2 = nil reference3 = nil // prints "John Appleseed is being deinitialized"
循环强引用
class Person { let name: String init(name: String) { self.name = name } var apartment: Apartment? deinit { print("\(name) is being deinitialized") } } class Apartment { let number: Int init(number: Int) { self.number = number } var tenant: Person? deinit { print("Apartment #\(number) is being deinitialized") } } var john: Person? var number73: Apartment? john = Person(name: "John Appleseed") number73 = Apartment(number: 73) john!.apartment = number73 number73!.tenant = john john = nil number73 = nil
强引用循环阻止了Person和Apartment类实例的销毁,并在你的应用程序中造成了内存泄漏。
解决循环强引用
Swift 提供了两种办法用来解决你在使用类的属性时所遇到的循环强引用问题:弱引用(weak reference)和无主引用(unowned reference)。
弱引用和无主引用允许循环引用中的一个实例引用另外一个实例而不保持强引用。这样实例能够互相引用而不产生循环强引用。
对于生命周期中会变为nil的实例使用弱引用。相反的,对于初始化赋值后再也不会被赋值为nil的实例,使用无主引用。
弱引用和无主引用允许循环引用中的一个实例引用另外一个实例而不保持强引用。这样实例能够互相引用而不产生循环强引用。
对于生命周期中会变为nil的实例使用弱引用。相反的,对于初始化赋值后再也不会被赋值为nil的实例,使用无主引用。
弱引用
class Person { let name: String init(name: String) { self.name = name } var apartment: Apartment? deinit { print("\(name) is being deinitialized") } } class Apartment { let number: Int init(number: Int) { self.number = number } weak var tenant: Person? deinit { print("Apartment #\(number) is being deinitialized") } } var john: Person? var number73: Apartment? john = Person(name: "John Appleseed") number73 = Apartment(number: 73) john!.apartment = number73 number73!.tenant = john john = nil // prints "John Appleseed is being deinitialized" number73 = nil // prints "Apartment #73 is being deinitialized"
无主引用
在实例的生命周期中,如果某些时候引用没有值,那么弱引用可以阻止循环强引用。如果引用总是有值,则可以使用无主引用。
和弱引用类似,无主引用不会牢牢保持住引用的实例。和弱引用不同的是,无主引用是永远有值的。
注:如果你试图在实例被销毁后,访问该实例的无主引用,会触发运行时错误。使用无主引用,你必须确保引用始终指向一个未销毁的实例。
class Customer { let name: String var card: CreditCard? init(name: String) { self.name = name } deinit { print("\(name) is being deinitialized") } } class CreditCard { let number: Int unowned let customer: Customer init(number: Int,customer: Customer) { self.number = number self.customer = customer } deinit { print("Card #\(number) is being deinitialized") } } var john: Customer? john = Customer(name: "John Appleseed") john!.card = CreditCard(number: 1234_5678_9012_3456,customer: john!) john = nil // prints "John Appleseed is being deinitialized" // prints "Card #1234567890123456 is being deinitialized"
无主引用与隐式解析
上面弱引用和无主引用的例子涵盖了两种常用的需要打破循环强引用的场景。
Person和Apartment的例子展示了两个属性的值都允许为nil,并会潜在的产生循环强引用。这种场景最适合用弱引用来解决。
Customer和CreditCard的例子展示了一个属性的值允许为nil,而另一个属性的值不允许为nil,并会潜在的产生循环强引用。这种场景最适合通过无主引用来解决。
然而,存在着第三种场景,在这种场景中,两个属性都必须有值,并且初始化完成后不能为nil。
Person和Apartment的例子展示了两个属性的值都允许为nil,并会潜在的产生循环强引用。这种场景最适合用弱引用来解决。
Customer和CreditCard的例子展示了一个属性的值允许为nil,而另一个属性的值不允许为nil,并会潜在的产生循环强引用。这种场景最适合通过无主引用来解决。
然而,存在着第三种场景,在这种场景中,两个属性都必须有值,并且初始化完成后不能为nil。
class Country { let name: String var capitalCity: City! init(name: String,capitalName: String) { self.name = name self.capitalCity = City(name: capitalName,country:self) } } class City { let name: String unowned let country: Country init(name: String,country: Country) { self.name = name self.country = country } } var country = Country(name: "Canada",capitalName: "Ottawa") print("\(country.name)'s capital city is called \(country.capitalCity.name)") // prints "Canada's capital city is called Ottawa"
闭包引起的强循环引用
循环强引用还会发生在当你将一个闭包赋值给类实例的某个属性,并且这个闭包体中又使用了实例。
实质上,这跟之前的问题是一样的-两个强引用让彼此一直有效。但是,和两个类实例不同,这次一个是类实例,另一个是闭包。
class HTMLElement { let name: String let text: String? lazy var asHTML: () -> String = { if let text = self.text { return "<\(self.name)>\(text)</\(self.name)>" } else { return "<\(self.name) />" } } init(name: String,text: String? = nil) { self.name = name self.text = text } deinit { print("\(name) is being deinitialized") } } var paragraph: HTMLElement? = HTMLElement(name: "p",text: "hello,world") print(paragraph!.asHTML()) // prints"hello,world" paragraph = nil
在定义闭包时同时定义捕获列表作为闭包的一部分,通过这种方式可以解决闭包和类实例之间的循环强引用。
捕获列表定义了闭包体内捕获一个或者多个引用类型的规则。跟解决两个类实例间的循环强引用一样,声明每个捕获的引用为弱引用或无主引用,而不是强引用。
应当根据代码关系来决定使用弱引用还是无主引用。
定义捕获列表
lazy var someClosure: (Int,String) -> String = { [unowned self] (index: Int,stringToProcess: String) -> String in // closure body goes here }
lazy var someClosure: () -> String = { [unowned self] in // closure body goes here }
class HTMLElement { let name: String let text: String? lazy var asHTML: () -> String = { [unowned self] in if let text = self.text { return "<\(self.name)>\(text)</\(self.name)>" } else { return "<\(self.name) />" } } init(name: String,world" paragraph = nil // prints "p is being deinitialized"