转载:PostgreSQL分区表(Table Partitioning)应用

前端之家收集整理的这篇文章主要介绍了转载:PostgreSQL分区表(Table Partitioning)应用前端之家小编觉得挺不错的,现在分享给大家,也给大家做个参考。

转载:http://www.cnblogs.com/mchina/archive/2013/04/09/2973427.html

PostgreSQL分区表(Table Partitioning)应用

一、简介

  在数据库日渐庞大的今天,为了方便对数据库数据的管理,比如按时间,按地区去统计一些数据时,基数过于庞大,多有不便。很多商业数据库都提供分区的概念,按不同的维度去存放数据,便于后期的管理,Postgresql也不例外。

  Postgressql分区的意思是把逻辑上的一个大表分割成物理上的几块儿。分区不仅能带来访问速度的提升,关键的是,它能带来管理和维护上的方便。

  分区的具体好处是:

  • 某些类型的查询性能可以得到极大提升。
  • 更新的性能也可以得到提升,因为表的每块的索引要比在整个数据集上的索引要小。如果索引不能全部放在内存里,那么在索引上的读和写都会产生更多的磁盘访问。
  • 批量删除可以用简单的删除某个分区来实现。
  • 可以将很少用的数据移动到便宜的、转速慢的存储介质上。

  在PG里表分区是通过表继承来实现的,一般都是建立一个主表,里面是空,然后每个分区都去继承它。无论何时,都应保证主表里面是空的。

  小表分区不实际,表在多大情况下才考虑分区呢?Postgressql官方给出的建议是:当表本身大小超过了机器物理内存的实际大小时(the size of the table should exceed the physical memory of the database server),可以考虑分区。

  PG目前(9.2.2)仅支持范围分区和列表分区,尚未支持散列分区。

二、环境

系统环境:CentOS release 6.3 (Final)

Postgresql版本:Postgresql 9.2.2 on x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu,compiled by gcc (GCC) 4.4.6 20120305 (Red Hat 4.4.6-4),64-bit

三、实现分区

3.1 创建主表


david=# create table tbl_partition (
david(# id integer,david(# name varchar(20),david(# gender boolean,david(# join_date date,david(# dept char(4));
CREATE TABLE
david=#

3.2 创建分区表


david=# create table tbl_partition_201211 (
check ( join_date >= DATE '2012-11-01' AND join_date < DATE '2012-12-01' )       
) INHERITS (tbl_partition);
CREATE TABLE
david=# create table tbl_partition_201212 (
check ( join_date >= DATE '2012-12-01' AND join_date < DATE '2013-01-01' )      
) INHERITS (tbl_partition);
CREATE TABLE
david=# create table tbl_partition_201301 (
check ( join_date >= DATE '2013-01-01' AND join_date < DATE '2013-02-01' )      
) INHERITS (tbl_partition);
CREATE TABLE
david=# create table tbl_partition_201302 (
check ( join_date >= DATE '2013-02-01' AND join_date < DATE '2013-03-01' )  
) INHERITS (tbl_partition);
CREATE TABLE
david=# create table tbl_partition_201303 (
check ( join_date >= DATE '2013-03-01' AND join_date < DATE '2013-04-01' ) 
) INHERITS (tbl_partition);
CREATE TABLE
david=# create table tbl_partition_201304 (
check ( join_date >= DATE '2013-04-01' AND join_date < DATE '2013-05-01' )  
) INHERITS (tbl_partition);
CREATE TABLE
david=# create table tbl_partition_201305 (
check ( join_date >= DATE '2013-05-01' AND join_date < DATE '2013-06-01' )  
) INHERITS (tbl_partition);
CREATE TABLE
david=# 

3.3 分区键上建索引


david=# create index tbl_partition_201211_joindate on tbl_partition_201211 (join_date);
CREATE INDEX
david=# create index tbl_partition_201212_joindate on tbl_partition_201212 (join_date); 
CREATE INDEX
david=# create index tbl_partition_201301_joindate on tbl_partition_201301 (join_date);    
CREATE INDEX
david=# create index tbl_partition_201302_joindate on tbl_partition_201302 (join_date); 
CREATE INDEX
david=# create index tbl_partition_201303_joindate on tbl_partition_201303 (join_date); 
CREATE INDEX
david=# create index tbl_partition_201304_joindate on tbl_partition_201304 (join_date); 
CREATE INDEX
david=# create index tbl_partition_201305_joindate on tbl_partition_201305 (join_date); 
CREATE INDEX
david=# 

对于开发人员来说,希望数据库是透明的,只管 insert into tbl_partition。对于数据插向哪个分区,则希望由DB决定。这点,ORACLE实现了,但是PG不行,需要前期人工处理下。

3.4 创建触发器函数


david=# CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION tbl_partition_insert_trigger()                      
RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$  
BEGIN  
    IF ( NEW.join_date >= DATE '2012-11-01' AND    
         NEW.join_date < DATE '2012-12-01' ) THEN  
        INSERT INTO tbl_partition_201211 VALUES (NEW.*);  
    ELSIF ( NEW.join_date >= DATE '2012-12-01' AND  
            NEW.join_date < DATE '2013-01-01' ) THEN  
        INSERT INTO tbl_partition_201212 VALUES (NEW.*);  
    ELSIF ( NEW.join_date >= DATE '2013-01-01' AND  
            NEW.join_date < DATE '2013-02-01' ) THEN  
        INSERT INTO tbl_partition_201301 VALUES (NEW.*);  
    ELSIF ( NEW.join_date >= DATE '2013-02-01' AND  
            NEW.join_date < DATE '2013-03-01' ) THEN  
        INSERT INTO tbl_partition_201302 VALUES (NEW.*);  
    ELSIF ( NEW.join_date >= DATE '2013-03-01' AND  
            NEW.join_date < DATE '2013-04-01' ) THEN  
        INSERT INTO tbl_partition_201303 VALUES (NEW.*);  
    ELSIF ( NEW.join_date >= DATE '2013-04-01' AND  
            NEW.join_date < DATE '2013-05-01' ) THEN  
        INSERT INTO tbl_partition_201304 VALUES (NEW.*);
    ELSIF ( NEW.join_date >= DATE '2013-05-01' AND
            NEW.join_date < DATE '2013-06-01' ) THEN
        INSERT INTO tbl_partition_201305 VALUES (NEW.*); 
    ELSE  
        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Date out of range. Fix the tbl_partition_insert_trigger() function!';  
    END IF;  
    RETURN NULL;  
END;  
$$  
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
CREATE FUNCTION
david=# 

说明:如果不想丢失数据,上面的ELSE 条件可以改成INSERT INTO tbl_partition_error_join_date VALUES (NEW.*); 同时需要创建一张结构和tbl_partition 一样的表tbl_partition_error_join_date,这样,错误的join_date 数据就可以插入到这张表中而不是报错了。

3.5 创建触发器

david=# CREATE TRIGGER insert_tbl_partition_trigger
david-#     BEFORE INSERT ON tbl_partition
david-#     FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE tbl_partition_insert_trigger();
CREATE TRIGGER
david=# 

四、查看表

4.1 查看所有表


david=# \dt
                List of relations
 Schema |         Name         | Type  |  Owner   
--------+----------------------+-------+----------
 public | tbl_partition        | table | postgres
 public | tbl_partition_201211 | table | postgres
 public | tbl_partition_201212 | table | postgres
 public | tbl_partition_201301 | table | postgres
 public | tbl_partition_201302 | table | postgres
 public | tbl_partition_201303 | table | postgres
 public | tbl_partition_201304 | table | postgres
 public | tbl_partition_201305 | table | postgres
(8 rows)

david=# 

4.2 查看主表


david=# \d tbl_partition
         Table "public.tbl_partition"
  Column   |         Type          | Modifiers 
-----------+-----------------------+-----------
 id        | integer               | 
 name      | character varying(20) | 
 gender    | boolean               | 
 join_date | date                  | 
 dept      | character(4)          | 
Triggers:
    insert_tbl_partition_trigger BEFORE INSERT ON tbl_partition FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE tbl_partition_insert_trigger()
Number of child tables: 7 (Use \d+ to list them.)

david=# 

4.3 查看分区表


david=# \d tbl_partition_201304
      Table "public.tbl_partition_201304"
  Column   |         Type          | Modifiers 
-----------+-----------------------+-----------
 id        | integer               | 
 name      | character varying(20) | 
 gender    | boolean               | 
 join_date | date                  | 
 dept      | character(4)          | 
Indexes:
    "tbl_partition_201304_joindate" btree (join_date)
Check constraints:
    "tbl_partition_201304_join_date_check" CHECK (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date AND join_date < '2013-05-01'::date)
Inherits: tbl_partition

david=#

五、测试

5.1 插入数据


david=# insert into tbl_partition values (1,'David','1','2013-01-10','TS');
INSERT 0 0
david=# insert into tbl_partition values (2,'Sandy','0','2013-02-10','TS');
INSERT 0 0
david=# insert into tbl_partition values (3,'Eagle','2012-11-01','TS');
INSERT 0 0
david=# insert into tbl_partition values (4,'Miles','2012-12-15','SD');
INSERT 0 0
david=# insert into tbl_partition values (5,'Simon','2012-12-10','SD');
INSERT 0 0
david=# insert into tbl_partition values (6,'Rock','2012-11-10','SD');
INSERT 0 0
david=# insert into tbl_partition values (7,'Peter','2013-01-11','SD');
INSERT 0 0
david=# insert into tbl_partition values (8,'Sally','2013-03-10','BCSC');
INSERT 0 0
david=# insert into tbl_partition values (9,'Carrie','2013-04-02','BCSC');
INSERT 0 0
david=# insert into tbl_partition values (10,'Lee','2013-01-05','BMC');
INSERT 0 0
david=# insert into tbl_partition values (11,'Nicole','PROJ');
INSERT 0 0
david=# insert into tbl_partition values (12,'Renee','TS');
INSERT 0 0
david=# 

5.2 查看主表数据


david=# select * from tbl_partition;
 id |  name  | gender | join_date  | dept 
----+--------+--------+------------+------
  3 | Eagle  | t      | 2012-11-01 | TS  
  6 | Rock   | t      | 2012-11-10 | SD  
 11 | Nicole | f      | 2012-11-10 | PROJ
  4 | Miles  | t      | 2012-12-15 | SD  
  5 | Simon  | t      | 2012-12-10 | SD  
  1 | David  | t      | 2013-01-10 | TS  
  7 | Peter  | t      | 2013-01-11 | SD  
 10 | Lee    | t      | 2013-01-05 | BMC 
 12 | Renee  | f      | 2013-01-10 | TS  
  2 | Sandy  | f      | 2013-02-10 | TS  
  8 | Sally  | f      | 2013-03-10 | BCSC
  9 | Carrie | f      | 2013-04-02 | BCSC
(12 rows)

david=# 

5.3 查看分区表数据


david=# select * from tbl_partition_201301 ;
 id | name  | gender | join_date  | dept 
----+-------+--------+------------+------
  1 | David | t      | 2013-01-10 | TS  
  7 | Peter | t      | 2013-01-11 | SD  
 10 | Lee   | t      | 2013-01-05 | BMC 
 12 | Renee | f      | 2013-01-10 | TS  
(4 rows)

david=# 

六、管理分区

6.1 移除数据/分区

实现分区表之后,我们就可以很容易地移除不再使用的旧数据了,最简单的方法就是:

david=# drop table tbl_partition_201304;

这样可以快速移除大量数据,而不是逐条删除数据。

另一个推荐做法是将分区从分区表中移除,但是保留访问权限。

david=# alter table tbl_partition_201304 no inherit tbl_partition;
ALTER TABLE
david=#

和直接DROP 相比,该方式仅仅是使子表脱离了原有的主表,而存储在子表中的数据仍然可以得到访问,因为此时该表已经被还原成一个普通的数据表了。这样对于数据库的DBA来说,就可以在此时对该表进行必要的维护操作,如数据清理、归档等,在完成诸多例行性的操作之后,就可以考虑是直接删除该表(DROP TABLE),还是先清空该表的数据(TRUNCATE TABLE),之后再让该表重新继承主表。

david=# alter table tbl_partition_201304 inherit tbl_partition;                                                            
ALTER TABLE
david=# 

6.2 增加分区

我们可以像之前那样增加一个分区

david=# create table tbl_partition_201306 (
check ( join_date >= DATE '2013-06-01' AND join_date < DATE '2013-07-01' )  
) INHERITS (tbl_partition);
david=# create index tbl_partition_201306_joindate on tbl_partition_201306 (join_date);

同时,需要修改触发器函数,将插入条件改成相应的值。

说明:创建触发器函数时,最好把插入条件写更未来一点,比如多写十年,这样以后增加新分区时就不需要重新创建触发器函数了,也可以避免一些不必要的错误

另外,还可以如下增加新的分区:


david=# create table tbl_partition_201307
david-# (LIKE tbl_partition INCLUDING DEFAULTS INCLUDING CONSTRAINTS);
CREATE TABLE
david=#

david=# alter table tbl_partition_201307 add constraint tbl_partition_201307_join_date_check 
david-# check ( join_date >= DATE '2013-07-01' AND join_date < DATE '2013-08-01' );
ALTER TABLE
david=#

david=# create index tbl_partition_201307_joindate on tbl_partition_201307 (join_date);

david=# copy tbl_partition_201307 from '/tmp/tbl_partition_201307.sql';      //从文件中拷贝数据,这些数据可以是事前准备的

david=# alter table tbl_partition_201307 inherit tbl_partition;

七、约束排除

约束排除(Constraint exclusion)是一种查询优化技巧,它改进了用上面方法定义的表分区的性能

确保postgresql.conf 里的配置参数constraint_exclusion 是打开的。没有这个参数,查询不会按照需要进行优化。这里我们需要做的是确保该选项在配置文件中没有被注释掉。

如果没有约束排除,查询会扫描tbl_partition 表中的每一个分区。打开了约束排除之后,规划器将检查每个分区的约束然后再试图证明该分区不需要被扫描,因为它不能包含任何符合WHERE子句条件的数据行。如果规划器可以证明这个,它就把该分区从查询规划里排除出去。

可以使用EXPLAIN 命令显示一个规划在constraint_exclusion 关闭和打开情况下的不同:

7.1 约束排除关闭


david=# set constraint_exclusion = off;                                                 
SET
david=# explain select count(*) from tbl_partition where join_date >= DATE '2013-04-01';
                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Aggregate  (cost=172.80..172.81 rows=1 width=0)
   ->  Append  (cost=0.00..167.62 rows=2071 width=0)
         ->  Seq Scan on tbl_partition  (cost=0.00..0.00 rows=1 width=0)
               Filter: (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date)
         ->  Seq Scan on tbl_partition_201211 tbl_partition  (cost=0.00..18.62 rows=230 width=0)
               Filter: (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date)
         ->  Seq Scan on tbl_partition_201212 tbl_partition  (cost=0.00..18.62 rows=230 width=0)
               Filter: (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date)
         ->  Seq Scan on tbl_partition_201301 tbl_partition  (cost=0.00..18.62 rows=230 width=0)
               Filter: (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date)
         ->  Seq Scan on tbl_partition_201302 tbl_partition  (cost=0.00..18.62 rows=230 width=0)
               Filter: (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date)
         ->  Seq Scan on tbl_partition_201303 tbl_partition  (cost=0.00..18.62 rows=230 width=0)
               Filter: (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date)
         ->  Seq Scan on tbl_partition_201305 tbl_partition  (cost=0.00..18.62 rows=230 width=0)
               Filter: (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date)
         ->  Seq Scan on tbl_partition_201304 tbl_partition  (cost=0.00..18.62 rows=230 width=0)
               Filter: (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date)
         ->  Seq Scan on tbl_partition_201306 tbl_partition  (cost=0.00..18.62 rows=230 width=0)
               Filter: (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date)
         ->  Seq Scan on tbl_partition_201307 tbl_partition  (cost=0.00..18.62 rows=230 width=0)
               Filter: (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date)
(22 rows)

david=# 

从上面的查询计划中可以看出,Postgresql 扫描了所有分区。下面我们再看一下打开约束排除之后的查询计划:

7.2 约束排除开启


david=# set constraint_exclusion = on;                                                  
SET
david=# explain select count(*) from tbl_partition where join_date >= DATE '2013-04-01';
                                           QUERY PLAN                                            
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Aggregate  (cost=76.80..76.81 rows=1 width=0)
   ->  Append  (cost=0.00..74.50 rows=921 width=0)
         ->  Seq Scan on tbl_partition  (cost=0.00..0.00 rows=1 width=0)
               Filter: (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date)
         ->  Seq Scan on tbl_partition_201305 tbl_partition  (cost=0.00..18.62 rows=230 width=0)
               Filter: (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date)
         ->  Seq Scan on tbl_partition_201304 tbl_partition  (cost=0.00..18.62 rows=230 width=0)
               Filter: (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date)
         ->  Seq Scan on tbl_partition_201306 tbl_partition  (cost=0.00..18.62 rows=230 width=0)
               Filter: (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date)
         ->  Seq Scan on tbl_partition_201307 tbl_partition  (cost=0.00..18.62 rows=230 width=0)
               Filter: (join_date >= '2013-04-01'::date)
(12 rows)

david=#

可以看到,Postgresql 只扫描四月份以后的分区表。

八、可选的分区方式

还可以通过建立规则的方式进行分区。


CREATE RULE insert_tbl_partition_201211 AS
ON INSERT TO tbl_partition WHERE
    ( join_date >= DATE '2012-11-01' AND join_date < DATE '2012-12-01' )
DO INSTEAD
    INSERT INTO tbl_partition_201211 VALUES (NEW.*);

CREATE RULE insert_tbl_partition_201212 AS
ON INSERT TO tbl_partition WHERE
    ( join_date >= DATE '2012-12-01' AND join_date < DATE '2013-01-01' )
DO INSTEAD
    INSERT INTO tbl_partition_201212 VALUES (NEW.*);

...
    
CREATE RULE insert_tbl_partition_201306 AS
ON INSERT TO tbl_partition WHERE
    ( join_date >= DATE '2013-06-01' AND join_date < DATE '2013-07-01' )
DO INSTEAD
    INSERT INTO tbl_partition_201306 VALUES (NEW.*);
    
CREATE RULE insert_tbl_partition_201307 AS
ON INSERT TO tbl_partition WHERE
    ( join_date >= DATE '2013-07-01' AND join_date < DATE '2013-08-01' )
DO INSTEAD
    INSERT INTO tbl_partition_201307 VALUES (NEW.*);
    
CREATE RULE insert_tbl_partition_error_join_date AS
ON INSERT TO tbl_partition WHERE
    ( join_date >= DATE '2013-08-01' OR join_date < DATE '2012-11-01' )
DO INSTEAD
    INSERT INTO tbl_partition_error_join_date VALUES (NEW.*);

九、注意事项

VACUUM或 ANALYZE tbl_partition只会对主表起作用,要想分析表,需要分别分析每个分区表。

十、参考资料

原文链接:https://www.f2er.com/postgresql/196115.html

猜你在找的Postgre SQL相关文章