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1.什么是build in命令：

shell内建命令是指bash（或其它版本）工具集中的命令。一般都会有一个与之同名的系统命令，比如bash中的echo命令与/bin/echo是两个不同的命令，尽管他们行为大体相仿。当在bash中键入一个命令时系统会先看他是否是一个内建命令，如果不是才会查看是否是系统命令或第三方工具。所以在bash中键入echo命令实际上执行bash工具集中的bash命令也就是内建命令，而不是/bin/echo这个系统命令。

2.内建命令与系统命令

内建命令要比系统论命令有比较高的执行效率。外部命令执行时往往需要fork出（产生出）一个子进程，而内建命令一般不用。下面（或许以后还会有）这一篇文章将介简bash的内建命令。

3.查看一个命令是系统命令还是内建命令：type

linuxidc@www.linuxidc.com:~/Documents
$ type -a pwd
pwd is a shell builtin
pwd is /bin/pwd

linuxidc@www.linuxidc.com:~/Documents
$ type -a echo
echo is a shell builtin
echo is /bin/echo

可以看出，有些命令，echo和pwd同时是内建命令和系统命令。

4.常见命令的类型

[root@linuxidc ~]# type -a cd

cd is a shell builtin [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a pwd pwd is a shell builtin pwd is /bin/pwd [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a time time is a shell keyword time is /usr/bin/time [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a date date is /bin/date [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a which which is aliased to `alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde' which is /usr/bin/which [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a whereis whereis is /usr/bin/whereis [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a whatis whatis is /usr/bin/whatis [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a function function is a shell keyword [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a ls ls is aliased to `ls --color=tty' ls is /bin/ls [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a ll ll is aliased to `ls -l --color=tty' [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a echo echo is a shell builtin echo is /bin/echo [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a bulitin -bash: type: bulitin: not found [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a builtin builtin is a shell builtin [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a keyword -bash: type: keyword: not found [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a command command is a shell builtin [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a alias alias is a shell builtin [root@linuxidc ~]# type -a grep grep is /bin/grep [root@linuxidc ~]#